How To Write The Introduction Of Your Development Economics Paper

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Think Twice Before You Pay For Essay Writing Services But apart from the results, the homework you don’t do is all the material you aren’t learning or training. This defeats the aim of going to Uni to study should you aren’t able to handle the workload and examine and learn in your personal means. Paying someone to do his or her homework benefits the student in methods apart from academics; they're allowed to concentrate on many elements of life. They can focus on hobbies, psychological health, bodily health, finances, and social health. This leads to a happier life and a happier lifestyle, over some homework that you in all probability received’t remember in 2 years. Kids discover it hard to complete stories and essays as soon as every week, typically more usually. Completing duties and tasks that take hours to do appear to empty you second by second. The work begins to pile and pile as exams come and it looks as if you'll be able to never take a break from all this. to reinforce your subject data;to quote references for ideas and numerical knowledge included;to paraphrase the content, according to your faculty's academic integrity policy. So, relaxation assured when you flip to us for paid thesis writing, you received’t be disappointed. If your faculty uses SafeAssign, or Blackboard, then you're in double bother â€" no cash + plagiarism accusations. Unfortunately, I actually have little understanding of what to do in case you are not happy with the paper. Their Money Back Guarantee could be very inflexible and not buyer friendly. It seemed to me that they tried to cowl their butts with as many excuses as possible. It is not a assure for anything in any respect, nothing in life is assured. And there's a danger concerned in paying for homework, so be sure to understand the results. But if you actually need the help, there are other ways, like paying for homework! Some will see it as innocent, so long as they steadiness all of those and still actually examine. To combat this huge workload, students find many ways to make their lives simpler. Some work together with their classmates and prepare research periods, some e-mail their professors to rearrange office hours, and some construct workable schedule set only for homework and learning. All this liberation and freedom handed to young folks may cause some undesirable stress, however this is utterly regular. Or even getting a examine group together, or seeing your professor throughout workplace hours. The unhealthy about paying for homework is usually a long list, relying on who you ask. It make even include some heavy penalties. If caught plagiarizing, it could end in a zero for the course or even worse, expulsion. The web site offered all the required information to get a stable understanding of how the service works. Too bad they don’t actually have the Pricing web page, their pricing coverage is kind of complicated. Yes, after all, you should use our enhancing service and add your personal directions. I am not very communicative individual, so making speech is always stressful. If you still have any questions, please be at liberty to succeed in out. If you need somebody allow you to apply for a scholarship, this web site is the one. I simply hope I will get a scholarship now this essay offers me the most effective opportunity. It is necessary handy in a analysis paper in anatomy for finest grades. So, after I had done all the written work, I despatched my work for proofreading. use some thematic communities, the place professionals are prepared that will help you with enhancing and proofreading your essay. you possibly can by no means ensure that you haven’t paid by way of the nose on your essay. The paper flows, though it did kind of stray from the thesis statement provided. For instance, if they deliver plagiarized paper, they received’t refund you something unless you provide a Turnitin report. I imagine this is the biggest downside of an EssayPro â€" they lie to you where it isn't needed. Even if you are okay with an “Average Joe,” who has a Bachelor’s diploma, they'd say that a fucking Ph.D. is working on your Literature paper. Don’t want to be rude, however they behaved like a bunch of assholes, who get pleasure from their power and censor their clients whenever they want to dig deeper. Of course, I positioned other orders, using a VPN and without questions, but this case can divert even essentially the most curious customers like me. 1 out of 5 for customer service. Writers have done a perfect work as my economics presentation went well. Very trustworthy group and saved their word about submitting an A-level essay. If you could have any questions or doubts, please don't hesitate to contact us at any time. We are so glad you appreciated the application for a scholarship service and we might be very happy that will help you anytime. Since I was short of time, I could not afford to ship the order for revision, but should you do have time â€" go for it. EssayPro presents limitless revisions, which may be good for orders with a long deadline. As I’ve stated before, I placed three related orders with totally different educational ranges (School, University, Ph.D.) AND THE BIDS WERE ALL THE SAME. Do you actually imagine that Ph.D. holders will ever work on a paper for a child?

Think Twice Before You Pay For Essay Writing Services

Think Twice Before You Pay For Essay Writing Services But apart from the results, the homework you don’t do is all the material you aren’t learning or training. This defeats the aim of going to Uni to study should you aren’t able to handle the workload and examine and learn in your personal means. Paying someone to do his or her homework benefits the student in methods apart from academics; they're allowed to concentrate on many elements of life. They can focus on hobbies, psychological health, bodily health, finances, and social health. This leads to a happier life and a happier lifestyle, over some homework that you in all probability received’t remember in 2 years. Kids discover it hard to complete stories and essays as soon as every week, typically more usually. Completing duties and tasks that take hours to do appear to empty you second by second. The work begins to pile and pile as exams come and it looks as if you'll be able to never take a break from all this. to reinforce your subject data;to quote references for ideas and numerical knowledge included;to paraphrase the content, according to your faculty's academic integrity policy. So, relaxation assured when you flip to us for paid thesis writing, you received’t be disappointed. If your faculty uses SafeAssign, or Blackboard, then you're in double bother â€" no cash + plagiarism accusations. Unfortunately, I actually have little understanding of what to do in case you are not happy with the paper. Their Money Back Guarantee could be very inflexible and not buyer friendly. It seemed to me that they tried to cowl their butts with as many excuses as possible. It is not a assure for anything in any respect, nothing in life is assured. And there's a danger concerned in paying for homework, so be sure to understand the results. But if you actually need the help, there are other ways, like paying for homework! Some will see it as innocent, so long as they steadiness all of those and still actually examine. To combat this huge workload, students find many ways to make their lives simpler. Some work together with their classmates and prepare research periods, some e-mail their professors to rearrange office hours, and some construct workable schedule set only for homework and learning. All this liberation and freedom handed to young folks may cause some undesirable stress, however this is utterly regular. Or even getting a examine group together, or seeing your professor throughout workplace hours. The unhealthy about paying for homework is usually a long list, relying on who you ask. It make even include some heavy penalties. If caught plagiarizing, it could end in a zero for the course or even worse, expulsion. The web site offered all the required information to get a stable understanding of how the service works. Too bad they don’t actually have the Pricing web page, their pricing coverage is kind of complicated. Yes, after all, you should use our enhancing service and add your personal directions. I am not very communicative individual, so making speech is always stressful. If you still have any questions, please be at liberty to succeed in out. If you need somebody allow you to apply for a scholarship, this web site is the one. I simply hope I will get a scholarship now this essay offers me the most effective opportunity. It is necessary handy in a analysis paper in anatomy for finest grades. So, after I had done all the written work, I despatched my work for proofreading. use some thematic communities, the place professionals are prepared that will help you with enhancing and proofreading your essay. you possibly can by no means ensure that you haven’t paid by way of the nose on your essay. The paper flows, though it did kind of stray from the thesis statement provided. For instance, if they deliver plagiarized paper, they received’t refund you something unless you provide a Turnitin report. I imagine this is the biggest downside of an EssayPro â€" they lie to you where it isn't needed. Even if you are okay with an “Average Joe,” who has a Bachelor’s diploma, they'd say that a fucking Ph.D. is working on your Literature paper. Don’t want to be rude, however they behaved like a bunch of assholes, who get pleasure from their power and censor their clients whenever they want to dig deeper. Of course, I positioned other orders, using a VPN and without questions, but this case can divert even essentially the most curious customers like me. 1 out of 5 for customer service. Writers have done a perfect work as my economics presentation went well. Very trustworthy group and saved their word about submitting an A-level essay. If you could have any questions or doubts, please don't hesitate to contact us at any time. We are so glad you appreciated the application for a scholarship service and we might be very happy that will help you anytime. Since I was short of time, I could not afford to ship the order for revision, but should you do have time â€" go for it. EssayPro presents limitless revisions, which may be good for orders with a long deadline. As I’ve stated before, I placed three related orders with totally different educational ranges (School, University, Ph.D.) AND THE BIDS WERE ALL THE SAME. Do you actually imagine that Ph.D. holders will ever work on a paper for a child?

Help With Research Papers

Help With Research Papers It is not as a result of we're some greedy bastards but as a result of the work of an experienced author costs a lot. If you need to receive a research paper that without a doubt deserves a excessive rating, you'll have to pay greater than you normally would. We respect the hard work of our writers and want their remuneration to be truthful. The earlier you place an order, the less you'll have to pay. The worth vastly is determined by the deadline you specify. If you have 14 days for our consultants to finish your paper, you'll have to pay solely $thirteen per web page. And should you urgently need to get it within 8 hours, one page will cost you $31, virtually 3 times more. Yes, we are going to provide you help together with your APA format analysis paper at a really nominal fee. Our prime precedence is providing you with authentic content, and we ship on it. We supply the college paper writing service and we assure complete satisfaction. Each student has a set of specifics and hence our professional tutors offer help that is customized made for the particular want of the coed. When you flip to tutorial companies to “pay someone to do my research paper”, you wish to ensure that you will get in touch with the service supplier at any time. There are occasions you’ll need to examine the progress of the order or even provide critiques and recommendations alongside the way in which. Being one of many few tutorial writing services with scholar-centric management, our all-time low worth ensures every scholar access to all of our companies. We charge a competitive value for a complete service that includes not just writing, but in addition necessities such as formatting, quotation, and enhancing. You additionally get limitless revisions on everything you order from us. When you are looking to “pay somebody to write my research paper”, even when you favor low-cost providers, you want to ensure if issues don’t work out, you can get your a reimbursement. That is why at our firm, we offer a no-strings-attached money-again assure. But everything turned out to be ok, glad I used it. Just an odd service providing ordinary papers. There is a possibility that your author will make a typo or use a mistaken tense. To deal with that, we've a group of editors who proofread every paper before they get delivered to the customers. I did not see something extraordinary in my research paper. Maybe I just was not fortunate enough to work with the most effective writer they have. At least they have lots of guarantees and supply a good high quality of analysis papers. This is by far the most effective paper writing service I've used. Got my paper earlier than the deadline and the content is great. Nice service, I've ordered 2 papers right here, each are a good example of academic writing. We don’t promote the same paper twice and we would never promote you a paper that’s been used as a pattern. Not only can we write the paper for you, but we also do the entire analysis, that means you get to spend the time you would have to waste on research doing one thing you like as an alternative. The finest research paper writing Australia, Australian assistance is here when you want to say “do my analysis paper for me”. Australianhelp.com is a web site that gives analysis paper writing assist. If you writer have missed one thing or misused a word, our editor will fix it. We even have a particular quality standards system that we use to motivate and encourage our writers. These are the excessive ethical precept and a code of conduct all of our employees observe. You might need seen that our costs are a bit higher than the average. To write a analysis paper, begin by researching your topic at the library, on-line, or using an educational database. As you conduct your analysis and take notes, zero in on a selected topic that you just need to write about and create a 1-2 sentence thesis to state the focus of your paper. Then, create an outline that features an introduction, three to five physique paragraphs to current your arguments, and a conclusion to sum up your details. Once you have your paper's structure organized, draft your paragraphs, focusing on 1 argument per paragraph. Use the data you found through your research to again up your claims and show your thesis statement. Finally, proofread and revise your content until it's polished and ready to submit. I've had a few adverse experiences earlier than stumbling upon this time period paper writing service.

Help With Research Papers

Help With Research Papers It is not as a result of we're some greedy bastards but as a result of the work of an experienced author costs a lot. If you need to receive a research paper that without a doubt deserves a excessive rating, you'll have to pay greater than you normally would. We respect the hard work of our writers and want their remuneration to be truthful. The earlier you place an order, the less you'll have to pay. The worth vastly is determined by the deadline you specify. If you have 14 days for our consultants to finish your paper, you'll have to pay solely $thirteen per web page. And should you urgently need to get it within 8 hours, one page will cost you $31, virtually 3 times more. Yes, we are going to provide you help together with your APA format analysis paper at a really nominal fee. Our prime precedence is providing you with authentic content, and we ship on it. We supply the college paper writing service and we assure complete satisfaction. Each student has a set of specifics and hence our professional tutors offer help that is customized made for the particular want of the coed. When you flip to tutorial companies to “pay someone to do my research paper”, you wish to ensure that you will get in touch with the service supplier at any time. There are occasions you’ll need to examine the progress of the order or even provide critiques and recommendations alongside the way in which. Being one of many few tutorial writing services with scholar-centric management, our all-time low worth ensures every scholar access to all of our companies. We charge a competitive value for a complete service that includes not just writing, but in addition necessities such as formatting, quotation, and enhancing. You additionally get limitless revisions on everything you order from us. When you are looking to “pay somebody to write my research paper”, even when you favor low-cost providers, you want to ensure if issues don’t work out, you can get your a reimbursement. That is why at our firm, we offer a no-strings-attached money-again assure. But everything turned out to be ok, glad I used it. Just an odd service providing ordinary papers. There is a possibility that your author will make a typo or use a mistaken tense. To deal with that, we've a group of editors who proofread every paper before they get delivered to the customers. I did not see something extraordinary in my research paper. Maybe I just was not fortunate enough to work with the most effective writer they have. At least they have lots of guarantees and supply a good high quality of analysis papers. This is by far the most effective paper writing service I've used. Got my paper earlier than the deadline and the content is great. Nice service, I've ordered 2 papers right here, each are a good example of academic writing. We don’t promote the same paper twice and we would never promote you a paper that’s been used as a pattern. Not only can we write the paper for you, but we also do the entire analysis, that means you get to spend the time you would have to waste on research doing one thing you like as an alternative. The finest research paper writing Australia, Australian assistance is here when you want to say “do my analysis paper for me”. Australianhelp.com is a web site that gives analysis paper writing assist. If you writer have missed one thing or misused a word, our editor will fix it. We even have a particular quality standards system that we use to motivate and encourage our writers. These are the excessive ethical precept and a code of conduct all of our employees observe. You might need seen that our costs are a bit higher than the average. To write a analysis paper, begin by researching your topic at the library, on-line, or using an educational database. As you conduct your analysis and take notes, zero in on a selected topic that you just need to write about and create a 1-2 sentence thesis to state the focus of your paper. Then, create an outline that features an introduction, three to five physique paragraphs to current your arguments, and a conclusion to sum up your details. Once you have your paper's structure organized, draft your paragraphs, focusing on 1 argument per paragraph. Use the data you found through your research to again up your claims and show your thesis statement. Finally, proofread and revise your content until it's polished and ready to submit. I've had a few adverse experiences earlier than stumbling upon this time period paper writing service.

Write My Research Paper Online

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What Is A Research Paper?

What Is A Research Paper? Brainstorming may be a good way to develop a topic more deeply and to recognize connections between varied facets of your matter. Write down every thing that comes to mind as you possibly can all the time slim these topics down later. Most libraries are open, however just for BC students and staff, and with limited hours. You might also wish to think about the difference between quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. It helps you suppose in a different way and assume out of the field when you read one thing. You develop the ability of making conclusion from what you read and ask question from yourself whether or not you agree with it or not. Reread what you've got written, looking for errors and typos. As you progress through the essay, transition words shall be paramount. Transition words are the glue that connects every paragraph together and prevents the essay from sounding disjointed. Support your thesis adequately with the data in your paragraphs. Each paragraph should have its personal subject sentence. Research is cautious and arranged examine or gathering of information about a selected matter. It's the place the author supports the thesis and builds the argument. This part ought to give attention to a rational improvement of the thesis with clear reasoning and solid argumentation in any respect points. A clear focus, avoiding meaningless digressions, offers the important unity that characterizes a robust education paper. Ensure you have transitions between paragraphs so the reader understands how the paper flows from one concept to the subsequent. If you've got been tasked with an argumentative essay, this is one of the best formulation for an Argumentative Essay Outline. It's essential to quote your sources with accuracy and clarity. Follow these pointers on how to use quotes in essays and speeches. Now the essay is written, but you're not quite carried out. A good introduction states the primary research drawback and thesis argument. What precisely are you finding out and why is it necessary? Never present a prolonged justification for your matter before it has been explicitly said. These questions assist the scholar develop crucial thinking and studying expertise. Writing a research paper all by your self gives you a way of individuality and satisfaction that you have created one thing. It additionally satisfies your curiosity and provides you pleasure to seek out answers to questions that you're interested in. Writing a analysis paper will help you develop or improve your studying abilities. It helps you in growing reading for crucial analysis not only for the aim of knowledge. It helps you develop reasoning abilities as you read any article or book to gather sources in your research paper. Quoting is reserved for strains of text which might be identical to an unique piece of writing. Paraphrasing is reserved for big sections of another person's writing that you simply want to convey in your individual words. Summarizing puts the main points from another person's text into your individual words. Here's more on When to Quote, Paraphrase, or Summarize. Another widespread area of concern is quotation marks. This is crucial sentence in the paragraph that tells readers what the rest of the paragraph shall be about. Fill in supporting facts from your analysis underneath every paragraph. Make certain each paragraph ties back to your thesis and creates a cohesive, understandable essay.

Companies That Write Research Papers

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Companies That Write Research Papers

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The Career Of A Veterinarian - 1134 Words

A British actress named Hannah Murray once said, â€Å"I really loved animals when I was little - my friend and I had an imaginary vet s office; we would mime doing surgery on animals. We treated more injuries than illnesses - fixing with a baby bear with a broken leg, removing a tumor. Of course, our surgeries would take about five seconds; that s how good we were.† As far back as one girl can remember, she always had a pet of some kind. She currently has a pet dog, and she became sick, and would have seizures. When her mom and took her to the Vet’s office, she remembers how the doctor saved her dog’s life and how grateful she and her mother were to not lose a member of our family. The career of a veterinarian is a rewarding career, because one has the opportunity to care for beings who can’t for themselves. The research will describe the career of a veterinarian, what is required to become successful, and the impact this career has on society. The Ve terinary practice began long ago, around 3000 BC. The veterinarians were mostly used for treating livestock, instead of pets. The practice had been mainly focused on horses as well, and in 1761, the first veterinary school was open, and that is when the practice actually started. Animals such as dogs and horses were used during World War 1, and so veterinarians had to be there to help tend to injured animals. Today, veterinarians are still as important and there is a variety of different types of veterinarians. AnimalsShow MoreRelatedThe Career Of A Veterinarian1921 Words   |  8 PagesVeterinarian â€Å" Personally, have always felt the best doctor in the world is the veterinarian. He can’t ask his patients what is the matter, he’s got to just know†. The career of a veterinarian is adventurous because you could get to know lots things about animals that you may have not known. The research will describe the career of veterinarian what is required to become a successful person in this industry and the impact this career has on society. Once there was a little girl , she always wantedRead MoreThe Career Of A Veterinarian1237 Words   |  5 Pageswithout, simultaneously enchanted and repelled by the inexhaustible variety of life.† The career of a Veterinarian is a sensational and phenomenal feeling, you’ll be introduced to new people, animals, types of medicines and treatments. This research will describe the different careers in the Veterinary field, what the necessities are to become successful and what type of impact this career has on socie ty. This career is a justifiable choice for people that have a fondness and curiosity for creaturesRead MoreA Career as a Veterinarian Essay530 Words   |  3 Pages Veterinarians provide medical services for animals that are big and small. Helping sick animals weather they are big or small. They provide medicine for house pets and farm animals. When owners take there pet to the vet they are looking for someone to provide information to them about their animal. Some of the information given to the own is about how to properly care for your animal to make sure it grows the right why. Veterinarians are there to help animals no matter the size. The amount ofRead MoreEssay on The Rewarding Career of a Veterinarian1538 Words   |  7 Pagesattention that the animal so desperately needed. Every day in the United States, veterinarians are working hard to save animal’s lives. People will always continue to want and to breed pets. Therefore, to help and cure all these pets, a steady stream of veterinarians will be needed for many years to come. Over the years, the requirements and processes to becoming a veterinarian have changed. To become a successful veterinarian one must complete all necessary education and on the job training, be friendlyRead MoreCareer Objectives : Becoming A Veterinarian935 Words   |  4 PagesCareer Objectives: Becoming a Veterinarian The path to becoming a veterinarian may seem challenging and rightfully so! Most people studying to be a veterinarian will spend at least eight years in school from the time they graduate from high school until they graduate from vet school. Not only does becoming a veterinarian require a large time commitment but it also demands academic excellence. There are countless numbers of tests throughout vet school that lead up to the â€Å"final† licensure exam thatRead MoreMy Career Job I Be A Veterinarian1564 Words   |  7 PagesFor my career job I would like to be a veterinarian. I have always loved animals, especially dogs. Also, this job would allow me to get to know a lot of different kinds of animals. I like helping animals, taking care of them, and playing with animals. And being a veterinarian, I would get to meet knew kinds of animals and have a good salary. The founding of the veterinary school in Lyon, France was by Claude Bourgelat in 1761, which was said to be started by the veterinary profession. The developmentRead MoreWhy I Am A Veterinarian1681 Words   |  7 PagesI’ve always wanted to become a veterinarian, but I have never taken the time to look deep into what I need to do to achieve my dream job. The most important things to know are the educational requirements, duties, work environment, salary, the educational requirements on a collegiate level, and the demand for that specific job. So after researching this will I still be interested in a career in veterinarian medicine? One of the things I learned about veterinarians is the educational requirementsRead MoreStatement of Purpose to Become a Structural Enginieer or a Veterinarian920 Words   |  4 Pagescertain requirements have to be met. Requirements such as what the job will have you doing, your responsibilities, and the available work environment. The two careers that I am interested in are structural engineer and veterinarian. There has always been a place in my heart for all animals, and the size of type doesnt matter. For both career schooling is manageable. Examining, communicating, and testing are important responsibilities and duties that both fields require. I talk a lot and am friendlyRead MoreAn Introduction To Becoming A Veterinarian Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Paper October 5, 2016 We Like Big Mutts and We Cannot Lie: An Analysis of Becoming a Veterinarian Imagine a family bringing in their deathly sick dog, everybody in tears, everybody relying on you to save their dog. A veterinarian will probably go through this situation many times throughout their career. I have a strong passion to work with animals from all over the world. My grandpa was a veterinarian, and he always told me stories about what animals he worked with and where all he traveledRead MoreAn Introduction To Becoming A Veterinarian Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper October 5, 2016 We Like Big Mutts and We Cannot Lie: An Analysis of Becoming a Veterinarian Imagine a family bringing in their deathly sick dog, everybody in tears, everybody relying on you to save their dog. A veterinarian will probably go through this situation many times throughout their career. I have a strong passion to work with animals from all over the world. My grandpa was a veterinarian, and he always told me stories about what animals he worked with and where all he traveled

Operations Management Schroeder Chapters 1-3 - 1594 Words

CHAPTER 1 Question #2 What is the difference between the terms production management and operations management? Production management deals primarily with the manufacture of goods, whereas operations management encompasses the production of not only goods, but services as well. Question #3 How does the function of an operations manager differ from the function of a marketing manager or a finance manager? The operations managers function is to create the supply of goods, whereas the marketing managers function is to create the demand for goods, and the finance managers role is to secure and allocate the capital necessary to produce the goods. How are these functions similar? Decisions made by all three managers affect all†¦show more content†¦c. 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A Interview With Carol Brown Essay - 1404 Words

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Strategic Vehicles Import Supply Chain †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Vehicles Import Supply Chain. Answer: Introduction The Australian automotive industry is witnessing major changes represented in the closure of the three major vehicle manufacturers, Ford, Holden, and Toyota by the end of 2017. Australia is a well-known country as a leader in car manufacturing since 1890's. The global changing conditions represented in the trade liberalization forced global vehicles manufactures to withdraw from high cost countries to low cost countries including Australia. According to the estimates of the Australian Automotive Aftermarket Association (AAAA) as cited in Neale (2017), about 25 thousand workers in the automotive supply chain business will lose their jobs and about 50% of the automotive component industry firms will close, and the other firms could adapt to change their business into other markets. However, the optimistic scenario suggests that the automotive industry would adapt through involvement in wholesale and retail of imported parts, and vehicles. The incentives offered by the Australian government and the low interest rates indicate that the Australian automotive industry shall witness a positive growth in the mid of 2018 (Motor trade association in Australia, 2016). The Australian economy is stable and the social protection scheme is strong which illustrate the optimistic scenario. The following sections address the Australian automotive industry background, the research objectives, the research questions, the reasons behind the withdrawal of the major three automotive companies from the domestic market, the impact of their withdrawal on the Australian economy and the industry workforce, the main causes of the closure decision and the actions that could be made by the government to manage the risk of the closure decision. History and background The Australian market used to offer an attractive climate for car production. Australian automotive industry has an innovative long history of car manufacturing. In the past, Australia was one of the 13 countries who owned the capabilities of producing a car from scratch. It could produce about half a million cars in 1974. Ford was the first car manufacturer in the Australian market, as it introduced its first car in 1896 (Barclay, 2017). The car industry, mainly focuses on producing large vehicles which attracted a large base of customers. The automotive companies operating in the Australian market are represented in Ford, Toyota, Holden, Nissan, Chrysler, British Leyland, Renault, Volkswagen and Rootes. The Australian government imposed high protection regulation on the automotive industry since 1965, including certain specifications of levels of local content, tariffs, and import quotas to ensure a high degree of the industry from the external competition. In the mid of 1980, the automotive industry witnessed major changes in the governmental policies known as the "Motor industry development plan". This plan aimed at reducing the level of protection of the industry. Recently, the strength of the Australian dollar negatively affected the competitive level of the automotive industry in the export market, while the prices of imported cars are lowered. In 2012, Holden announced cutting flexible jobs, followed by further job cuttings by Toyota in the several past years (The Allen consulting group, 2013). Labor cut decisio ns by the domestic manufacturers indicate their intention of shrinking their operations in the domestic market, which may lead to a complete shutdown of the industry if the governmental policies continued to lower investment incentives. Research objectives To realize the reasons behind the withdrawal of the three major companies from the automotive industry in Australia. To address the potential risks associated with the automotive industry closure in Australia. To discuss the impact on the workers in the automotive industry and assisting industries. To analyze the governmental policies that led to the collapse of the automotive industry. To address the potential of retaining the automotive industry and the component manufacturing within the domestic market. Research questions Should the Australian car industry be kept alive? Is it right to end the long history of the automotive industry in Australia? How the automotive industry closure will affect the Australian economy? How the former factory workers will find employment opportunities in other industrial sectors? Will be there any future opportunities in automotive manufacturing in Australia? What is going to happen to the car component industry and how its capability will be affected? Is there a real opportunity in the green automotive industry? Australia and the global automotive manufacturing industry There exist different factors of success within the global manufacturing industry, including the internal and external firm competition, trade barriers, and, exchange rate risks. To take the decision of investing in a foreign market, the investor is influenced by the governmental policies, including, incentives for investment. After the global financial crisis, the support of the Australian government to the automotive industry decreased. Other factors related to the weak governmental support, include, the high labor cost, the strong currency and the liberalization of the automotive industry (The Allen consulting group, 2013). Accordingly, the investments of the three operating companies would likely shift to other countries where invest incentives exist. The automotive worldwide sales recorded 88 million vehicles in 2016, showing an annual increase of 4.8% compared to their level in 2015. Companies also enjoyed high rates of revenues and earnings, but in the next five years, only few companies who will be able to introduce creative products and utilize their limited resources will survive. The development of innovative software cost is likely to increase and mergers and acquisitions are predicted to take place to (Parkin, Wilk, Hirsh, 2017). This analysis indicates that the industry is in serious trouble. The three car manufacturers who domestically operate are represented in Toyota, Holden, and Ford. Regarding the governmental policies towards the automotive industry, they decided that they cannot continue to create a competitive business due to low governmental incentives. Noting that the automotive industry has a high multiplier; as the economy benefits between 1.9$ to 9$ for each 1$ invested in the automotive manufacturing industry (The Allen consulting group, 2013). The recent years witnessed a shortage of providing the motor machines, as demand for the machines decreases it is likely that the car manufacturers withdraw from the market (Australian government- Department of employment, 2014). It is important to think of how the economy would look like if the automotive industry shut down. Also the withdrawal of the three major companies from the Australian market is likely to shift the main source of revenue from the vehicle itself to a new reevaluated value driver business strategy (KPMG, 2017). Accordingly, data should be analyzed carefully to estimate the upcoming trends in the automotive market. Domestic market share losses The Australian economy has switched to growing levels of vehicles imports as a result of the trade liberalization of Automotive. Tariffs gradually declined from 60% in 1984 to only 15% in 2000 and continued to decline to reach 5% in 2009, as declared in figure (1). The diversification of imported brands created a fragmented market, the domestic customer was allowed to choose among different types of vehicles. The automotive industry sales decreased from 300 thousand units to 120 thousand units in 2012 in Australia. As a result of the goods and services boom, and the appreciation of the Australian dollar, the consumers demand for imported vehicles increased, leaving the domestic vehicles unsold due to their high prices (Barnes, 2015). Also, the government will face the problem of importing right-hand-drive vehicles, in this case it would have to import from Japan and the UK at least (Department of commerce, 2016). Accordingly, it seems that the automotive industry in Australia is losi ng its market share and the decision of the three major automotive companies is not a sudden decision. The average age of the passenger vehicle is about 10 years, which is considered higher than its level during 2007 to 2010, as shown in figure (2). It is also higher than the UK average age of 7.3 years, and the age in Japan. The older average age reflects that the Australian customers are relying on vehicles that lack the efficiency and safety features of the new cars. The vehicle sales in the last years does not reflect the fleet renewal (Australian automobile association, 2016). About 62% of Australians are likely to pay more money to get a vehicle with zero emissions. The growing number of population ensures that car sales would remain strong (Morgan, 2017). Consumers would benefit from the tariff reduction and competition in the global market, but the local market will lose the investments and jobs. It should be considered that when the market is not optimally operating and the characteristics of customer choices are not clear, prices would increase (Australian automotive aftermarket association, 2016). This assumption is likely to come true when the three major automotive companies shut down their business by the end of the year. The reasons behind the withdrawal of car manufacturing companies like Ford, Holden, Toyota from Australia Although Toyota sells about 3.5 Mn. cars, followed by Holden that sells about 2.1 Mn. cars and Ford that sells 1.7 Mn. cars (Morgan, 2017). The three Australian major automotive manufacturers, Ford, Holden, and Toyota announced in 2014 that their production plants are going to close by the end of 2017. Their reasons are related to the economic conditions within the Australian market, which indicate the unavailability of the car manufacturing. For example, they could export only 40% of their domestic vehicle production in 2012 and the imported new vehicles represented 92% of sales, representing more than one million car sales per year, as shown in figure (4). Cars imported from USA, Thailand, Japan, Korea and Germany are preferred by the local customers. Moreover, the decision of the government to cut the import tariff with Japan because of the free trade area agreement means that imports from Japan will increase, and imported car prices will decrease during the following years. Recently, the medium size sedan cars are the focus of the car manufacturing assembly, which also shows unsustainability, for example, the Toyota Camry (Malihi Shee, 2017). Australia also agreed to lower the import tariff on vehicles from Thailand, this policy resulted in importing of 2 Mn. cars of familiar brands, including, Ford, Holden, and Toyota, the three companies who decided to close their plants. Also imported brands extended to include Nissan, Honda, Mazda, and Mitsubishi. Australia could only export 100 vehicles in return to Thailand as, the latest impose non-tariff barriers. The major car exporters to Australia are Japan and Thailand (Dowling, 2017). T his implies that the car manufacturers will move away from export-based manufacturing to the closure of their plants. The employment will be affected in both of the component making and automotive assembly. The vehicle manufacturing industry is switching to component parts import. Also, the Australian market is limited which affects the ability of companies to exploit economies of scale, and the import penetration is considered among the major reasons for vehicles' plant closure. Component suppliers will probably switch to other manufacturing activities. For example, Ford assisted its workers to find other employers (Auto skills Australia, 2016). Toyota and Holden illustrate that high production cost, changing consumer preferences, high labor cost, the strong currency and the liberalization of the automotive industry and the fragmented domestic market are the main reasons for the closure. Automotive closure impact on the workers The automotive industry employs more thousands of workers involved directly and indirectly, representing 8.5% of the total workforce, according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics as cited in Valadkhani (2016), figure (5), shows the trends and the distribution of workers in the automotive manufacturing during (2002- 2013). The job losses are concentrated in the professional, scientific, and technical services. In 2009/2010, the output of the car manufacturing industry accounted for about 20 Bn. $. The multiplier effect of the employment in the economy is seven, meaning that one million dollar demand can directly and indirectly generate seven jobs. This industry provides jobs in engineering, scientific research, design, architecture, computer systems, accounting, law, market research, advertising, management and consulting. As the sectorial linkages differ, the losses of full-time jobs also differs (Valadkhani, 2016). There is no clear vision about what is going to happen after the closure of this industry, but definitely, the car component industry will not survive and its capability will be affected. In 2013, 118 automotive supply parts were surveyed and the results showed that about 32% of the major suppliers declared that the major three vehicle manufacturers contribute to about 95% of their business (Colliers International, 2016). The full industry shutdown by the end of 2017 will negatively affect not only the parts suppliers but also more associates. Causes of the three major automotive companies withdrawal from Australia The three automotive companies produce small, medium, and large vehicles. The companies are based in Victoria and South Australia. Automotive production is supported by about 134 supply chain firms to design and manufacture car components. The share of the Australian automotive industry in the global production of automotive sector accounts for only 0.3%. There are major trends that shape the global automotive sector, according to Australian government (2014) as follows: The growing markets in Asia, especially China, the largest vehicles manufacturer and sales market. The shift of vehicle manufacturers towards the global platform to take the advantage of the large economies of scale, flexible production processes, and economic arbitrage. The change in customers' preferences towards smaller, and more fuel efficient cars. These trends are considered the main causes of the decision of Ford, Holden and Toyota to close their plants in the Australian market. It is important to focus on the cases of each company. Accordingly, Ford, and Toyota are discussed in details to provide their justifications more deeply, as follows: Toyota Australia: Is considered a leading vehicle manufacturer, distributer and exporter of cars. It operates under the Toyota and Lexus brands. The company's operations are mainly in sales and marketing, product planning and development, corporate services, and manufacturing and purchasing. Its customers include private and government buyers of cars and fleets. Following the announcement of closure in 2014, the company decided to switch its business to be a national sales and distribution company (Toyota, 2016). It is obvious that the domestic market has lost a very important investor who will withdraw his money from the market due to the economic conditions that do not support automotive foreign investments. Ford Australia: Is a global hub for designing, developing, and testing Ford vehicles. In 2012, the company invested 200 Mn. A$ in RD, with total investments of 1.9 Bn. A$ during (2007-2012). The company annual purchases from the local parts suppliers account for 545 Mn. A$. The cost of manufacturing in the Australian market is about the double of the cost of similar facilities in Europe and nearly four times greater than the cost of operating in Asia (Ford, 2013). As the Australian government did not take any protection policies, Ford had to withdraw from the local market. The recommended governmental policies to save the automotive industry in Australia The Australian government is committed to reduce the carbon emissions to zero by 2050, once the electric vehicles technology, and the battery are economically available, they will be introduced in the local market. The government started to develop policies that support investment in the electric vehicles in some states (ClimateWorks Australia, 2017). The intention of the government towards transforming into electric vehicles may reopen the market to automotive industry once again in the future According to The senate (2015), the Automotive Transformation Scheme (ATS) introduces 3.4 Bn. $ in addition to 1.3 Bn. $ to be funded to the green car innovation. The growing demand for environmentally-friendly cars offers an opportunity to car component manufacturing, which could be used in the domestic market of exported to other countries. According to Price water house Coopers (2011), the Australian government has plans for expansion in the car components manufacturing. The Automotive Industry Structural Adjustment Program includes, structural, and labor adjustment to provide training to redundant workers. The Government also established the Victorian Automotive Transition Taskforce to engage the supply chain companies in their diversification plans. Accordingly, Ford, Toyota and Holden will continue to operate specific plants in Victoria. Moreover, the government purchased the site that was formerly owned by Holden at Fishermans Bend, in order to maintain the Australian automotive alive with a new design, technology, and engineering (Victoria state government, 2016). Accordingly, the government took the decision of keeping the iconic presence of the automotive industry in Victoria in order maintain the minimum level of the presence of the industry and not totally shut it down. The Australian government is likely to assess the skill levels across the automotive and parts manufacturing workers, and to identify re-skilling within the workforce (Australian government, 2014). Australia is not the only advanced economy that faced the automotive industry withdrawal from its market. It can utilize its skillset through investing in emerging markets that require the same capabilities. For example, Australia could invest in the carbon fiber industry as it has the knowledge required to boost the carbon fiber component of automotive parts ( The commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation , 2015). The Australian competition consumer commission (2017), recommends that the car manufacturers should share technical information to assist in creating schemes to be adopted to assess the cost and benefits of alternatives. The production contracts assisted in shifting the Australian companies away from the negative effects of the automotive industry shutdown towards an advanced manufacturing sector (Price water house, 2017). The transitional programs created a platform for the industrial sector to engage in global production activities. According to the Australian automotive dealer association Ltd. (2016), the new car dealers are likely to operate in new car, used car, parts, accessories, and after sales services, and finance and insurance services. Conclusion The Australian economy has switched to growing levels of vehicle imports as a result of the trade liberalization of Automotive. Regarding the governmental policies towards the automotive industry, the three car manufacturers who domestically operate decided that they cannot continue to create a competitive business due to low governmental incentives. The Australian market is limited, which affects the ability of companies to exploit economies of scale, the import penetration, the strength of the Australian dollar, and the high labor cost is considered among the major reasons of vehicles' plant closure This implies that the car manufacturers will move away from export-based manufacturing to the closure of their plants. The vehicle manufacturing industry is switching to component parts import. Component suppliers will probably switch to other manufacturing activities. The Australian government is likely to assess the skill levels across the automotive and parts manufacturing workers, and to identify re-skilling within the work force. The Australian government has plans for expansion in the car components manufacturing. References The commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation . (2015). Advanced manufacturing - A Roadmap for unlocking future growth opportunities for Australia. Australia. Australian automobile association. (2016). ACCC new car retailing industry market study issue paper. Auatralia. Australian automotive aftermarket association. (2016). New car retailing industry - Market study issue paper. Australia. Australian automotive dealer association Ltd. (2016). New car retailing industry- A market study by the ACCC. Australian. Australian competition consumer commission. (2017). New car retailing industry - a market study by the ACCC. Australia. Australian government. (2014). Growth opportunities: south Australia and victorian competitive advantage . Australia. Australian government. (2017). 2030 Strategic Plan. Australian government- Department of employment. (2014). Industry outlook - Manufacturing. Australian government productivity commission. (2014). Australias automotive manufacturing industry. Australia. Auto skills Australia. (2016). Automotive vehicle manufacturing sector (Passenger vehicle) industry reference committee four year work plan 2016-2020. Australia. Barclay, A. (2017, April 25). This is the last year a car will be made in Australia. Retrieved from Quartz Media: www.qz.com Barnes, J. (2015, July September). Case study on the Australian automotive industry. ASCCI Quarterly. ClimateWorks Australia. (2017). The state if electric vehicles in Australia. Electric Vehicle Council. Colliers International. (2016). Time is fast approaching - Industrial motor vehicle white paper. Department of commerce. (2016). Top markets report automotive parts-Country case study. USA. Dowling, J. (2017, March 3). Why Australian car manufacturing died and what it means for our motoring future. Retrieved from The Advertiser: www.adelaidenow.com.au Ford. (2013). Submission to the productivity comission - Review of the Australian automotive manufacturing industry. KPMG. (2017). Global automotive executive survey. Germany. Malihi, K., Shee, H. (2017). Strategic vehicles import supply chain: A paradigm shift in Australian automotive industry. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 22(1), 103130. Morgan, R. (2017, March 28). State of the Nation 27: Australian Automotive Industry accelerates towards Decade of Upheaval. Retrieved from Roy Morgan research: www.roymorgan.com Motor trade association in Australia. (2016). Automotive industry in Australia. Retrieved from Motor trade association in Australia: www.mtaa.com.au Neale, T. (2017, April 13). Australian automotive industry: grounded or shifting gears? Retrieved from Manufacturers' monthly: https://www.manmonthly.com.au Parkin, R., Wilk, R., Hirsh, E. (2017). Strategy 2017 automotive industry trends - the future depends on improving. New York: PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. Price water house. (2017). Economic impact of the JSF program in Australia. Price water house Coopers. (2011). Potential impact of a carbon price on the Australian automotive industry. senate, T. (2015). Economics - References committee. Commonwealth of Australia. The Allen consulting group. (2013). The strategic role of the Australian automotive manufacturing industry. Australia. Toyota. (2016). Sustainability Report. Australia. Valadkhani, A. (2016, October 21). Collapse of Australian car manufacturing industry. Retrieved from Swinburne: www.swinburne.edu.au Victoria state government. (2016). Supporting Victoria's automotive industry. Australia.